Conference noted::hackers_v1

560.0. "German hackers plant trojan horse in NASA DECnet" by DELNI::GOLDSTEIN (Shoes for Industry) Fri Sep 18 1987 18:31

    By now you've probably seen the press reports of the German hackers'
    breakin into NASA's network, SPAN.  This is a huge extended DECnet
    using lots of inter-company gateways, etc.  Apparently they planted
    a trojan horse in one VMS4.5 system which didn't have a recommended
    patch installed...  Note that SPAN is NOT a classified network;
    everyone and her kid sister has access to it. 
    
    Besides the obvious lack of DECliteracy on the part of the reporter,
    does anyone want to comment on what actually may have happenned,
    or where there was a security hole?

<begin forwarded article>
       COPY OF ARTICLE FROM THE GUARDIAN DATED TUESDAY, 15TH
       SEPTEMBER 1987.
       
       QUOTE - FRONT PAGE HEADLINE ARTICLE
       
       YOUTHS HACKED INTO SECRET NASA NETWORK
       
       EXCLUSIVE
       by Gareth Parry
       
       Young West German computer hackers have successfully
       broken into a top secret world-wide computer network which
       connects the North American Space Agency's scientific
       research centres with its counterparts in Britain, France,
       Germany, Switzerland and Japan. 
       
       The attack has been kept secret by the intelligence
       services, although the scandal was discovered months ago,
       because it is feared that the knowledge the youths may
       have gained puts them, and the integrity of various
       American and European space development programmes in
       extreme danger from Eastern bloc agents. 
       
       The space programme involved cover a wide range of
       applications.   Nasa, for example, is working on space
       platform technology, while Britain is looking at remote-
       sensing satellites - a form of spy satellite project. 
       
       France is building up towards a manned satellite, and
       Japan's projects concentrate on the computing aspects of
       space communication. 
       
       The youths have told West German interior ministry
       interrogators that they planted a programme known to
       hackers as a Trojan Horse in the world-wide computer
       network, Span, "for fun".   They have denied accusations
       of espionage. 
       
       The Trojan Horse enabled them to reap at will any or all
       the secrets of Western space technology at a key-stroke.
       The Trojan Horse can wait for a top security user to log
       on with a secret password, and then record his key strokes
       in a file, revealing everything that is said. 
       
       The attacked computers are the 4.4 and 4.5 state of the
       art models made by Digital Equipment Corporate (DEC), one
       of the most important and respected computer companies in
       the world.   DEC's latest computers, the VAXes and their
       super-sophisticated software are interlinked with secret
       Western technology, and Western governments claim the
       VAXes can be used for designing, making and operating
       weapons. 
       
       DEC recently disclosed that it has been given top security
       validation by the National Computer Security Centre, an
       agency operated by the United States government. 
       
       The company's VMS machines - virtual manning or standard
       deck operation computers - were given two security
       classifications.   C2, signifying "controlled access", and
       B2 "Trusted Path Requirements". 
       
       Despite this, the German hackers managed to penetrate
       systems, implant Trojan Horses, giving unauthorised users
       access;  use the penetrated computer for their own
       purposes;  and alter accounts and security checks in such
       a way that their presence went undetected.
       
       Security sources said yesterday that the hackers "visited"
       no fewer than 135 computer centres worldwide, leaving
       their Trojan Horses and a general key word for their own
       purposes within the system. 
       
       With the Horse and the keyword installed it was easy to
       enter any associate of the Span network.   The hackers
       later delightedly observed that in some cases their
       "modifications" had already been automatically taken into
       the back-up versions which allow a security start-up if
       any organisation fears that its defences have been
       breached. 
       
       The West German hackers, who call themselves Data
       Travellers, worked together on their target for more than
       six months.   Some of the groups are understood to be
       insiders in some the agencies working with DEC computers,
       and therefore had access to all the highly-classified
       operating systems manuals. 
       
       This insider involvement enabled them to detect a hitherto
       undiscovered flaw in the computer system which they used
       as a "doorway" into computers of the same type. 
       
       That flaw was, however, known to some experts, and its
       implications were discussed in the German computer
       security magazine Datenschutz-Berater of Pulheim.   The
       magazine showed how people who penetrate high-technology
       computers could be at risk from desperate political
       agencies hungry for rival countries' computer known-how.
       
       The hackers' activities would have continued unhampered
       but for a security manager of a German research laboratory
       alerted by the Datenschutz-Berater article.   He noticed
       abnormalities in a computer system, and carried out his
       own intensive investigation for several days.  He
       discovered that Trojan Horses could be isolated. 

       Two of the hackers were identified - the insiders.   Then
       the security manager made a move which later appalled the
       security services:  he revealed details of his discovery,
       including the names and employers, in a "mail-box" in the
       general computer network.   His message ended ".... in
       hope that some-one, somewhere ... might perform physical
       violence on them".
       
       The named youths felt exposed and in danger.   They went
       to Datenschutz-Berater, which informed DEC and other DEC
       computer users. 
       
       DEC said it was aware of the flaw in its system and had
       counteracted it. 
       
       This May it informed all customers of a "mandatory patch". 
       
       This patch amends an operating system and effectively
       erects a bar against Trojan Horses and other penetrations. 
       
       Intelligence sources say however, that, as with most
       computer hacking crimes, the blame lies not with the
       computer but with lax security by users.   A DEC spokesman
       said last night that the company was still conducting an
       intensive internal inquiry.   The whereabouts of the
       hackers if unknown.
       
       Ms Teresa Tomsett, a DEC spokeswoman in Britain, said:
       "There will always be organisations which challenge to
       break through security levels, but our engineering and our
       servicing people are all very well trained. 
       

    Well, I could tell he was in trouble when he equated remote sensing
    with spy sats.  "Martha, somebuddy orter _do_ something about them
    Landsat and SPOT thingies, or our National Security is in big trubble!"
    
    Then there are the top secret operating systems manuals.  So that's
    why we lock up the lab every night!
    
    Willie

    
    Hmph! That's why we got the mandatory SECURESHR patch last may!
    Still no illumination on what kind of horse it was, tho? I must
    say the timing is about as wicked as can be with DECworld still
    going on and DEC in the world's limelight. 
    
    /pjh

See VAXWRK::VMSNOTES, note 1125 for some background.

Martin.

    You got the patch last may????  I just got a note about it last
    week....  I thought that was even better timing.
    
    Willie
    

    This whole situation demonstrates how sensitive sites *need* to be
    concerned with the security of their systems.  This means access to
    operations rooms where consoles be, protections on terminals, (even
    syspasswords), enforcing secondary passwords on accounts, breakin
    logging, alarms on sensitive files, *active monitoring* of images being
    executed via Accounting.  These and more are crucial in this type of
    environment --- that's why VAX/VMS went through the pains to get TCB
    certifications  --   unfortunately, a lot of sites don't want that
    secure of a site (don't want the expense of maintaining it nor the cpu
    cycles expended).  Perhaps it's just a matter of education?
    
    Analogy - think of FORD motor company getting (successfully?) sued
    because a customer was hurt in an accident without his seatbelt
    fastened.  He could argue well, I know I could have put it
    on, but FORD should make them automatic!  Imagine the others who would
    scream if they *were* automatic. 
    
    Frustrating being a vendor in a crazed-consumer (consumer-crazed?)
    market!
    
    	\rikki

    
    re: .4
    
      Yeah, it was sometime back there. Came in over the network with
    explicit instructions that we HAD to install it and it involved
    security blah blah blah etc. But they wouldn't say WHY. So we put
    it in (it could have been the Trojan horse itself for all we knew)
    and there we be. Haven't heard a thing since then, until now.
    
    /pjh

    Re: base note
    
    This thing has caused quite some publicity over here in Germany.
    As far as I know it was considered normal risk with all the people
    that deal with computer security in other countries.
    In the October 2nd issue of "Computerwoche" , there's an article
    clarifying the status of the "hackers". Two of the six people that
    claim to have accidentally found a security hole in VMS, were actually
    employees of public research institutions, whose job is (was ??)
    system maintenance.
    So they were insiders to VMS and had all the manuals available !!
    The bug apparently is that unpriviledged users, trying to open
    SYSUAF.dat in VMS4.4 and 4.5  can still access that file, although
    they got an error message before. So anybody that hasn't installed
    that patch yet, had better installed it immediately !!  
    The "hackers" used their special knowledge to get access to the SPAN 
    network and plant their Trojan Horses. In addition they got access
    to some information by trying passwords like "SECRET","Challenger"
    and the like.
    
    /christoph
                    

    RE: base note
    
    My *lack* of respect for journalists just went up another notch.
    It makes me wonder, "If they screw up facts about computers this
    bad, why should I believe the details about anything else they report?"
    Who knows maybe the alien, two-headed, baby is possessed by Elvis'
    spirit?  ;-}
    
    
    						Dave
    

    Good question. Why *do* you believe anything they say? Remember,
    reporters are only human. They only write down what other people tell
    them, and if those people weren't terribly articulate, stuff gets
    garbled. 
    
    	Jon

    This is a very complex subject.....!
    
    German telivision did a special report concerning this Hacking problem
    in a news show called "Panorama"!  The report, of course, mentioned
    DEC but was not too negative in the presentation. The facts were
    more accurately presented than those in the article in the U.S.
    paper.  Various articles have appeared in Newspapers as well as
    Computer Publications.
    
    I attended a customer course in the DEC Training Center in Munich
    a few days after the public disclosure of the hacking incident.
    The course was, appropriately: " VAX/VMS Security Management". I
    thought the customers would be extremely upset, but they weren't.
    Most of them were experienced DP people and most believed that there
    is always a way to get into a system somehow (there is no perfect
    security).  They were impressed that DEC Europe (Germany) did NOT
    try to cover up the whole situation and was doing everthing possible
    to protect customer and Digital systems.
    
    The U.S. newspaper article did state that "as with most computer
    hacking crimes, the blame lies not with the computer but with lax
    security by users". I have found this to often be very true.  Good
    security begins at home!  We can have the most secure computer centers
    in the world but if one node in the net is wide open then we have
    problems!  I have seen University uVAX's connected to various networks
    where many users had SET priv and the computer room wide open (if
    there even is a computer room), with no professional system management
    to insure the installation of important patches etc etc. 
    
    Perhaps the disclosure of the Hackers in Germany will increase the
    awareness of the importance of Computer Security in all aspects
    of Data Processing. The problem becomes more complex as networks
    grow.  How can we determine the security level of every computer
    in the network? This Hacking incident was relatively harmless but
    what would happen if someone got into a STAR Wars system.....?
    
    Do we really have everything under control?
    As Murphy says in his fourth corollary:
       "It is impossible to make anything foolproof because fools are
        so ingenious".
    
    Happy Hacking:
    Bruce Blunk
    in Old Germany